The Impact Of Money On An African Subsistence Economy

Ethnography Review Paper Throughout history, money and the nature money have been defined and redefined from economist to economist, however, at its foundation, money serves as a standard of valuation, a means of exchange, and a mode of payment. Of course, not all societies subscribe to this rigid definition of currency because cultures have existed with economies based on barter or currencies that don’t meet the conventional interpretation of money, and in the case of the Tiv culture, both general and special purpose currencies have existed for the trading of different types of goods. In Paul Bohannon’s article, â€Å"The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy†, he argues that the introduction of a general purpose currency fundamentally changed the nature of Tiv culture because it altered their previously multi-centric economy and changed their traditional methodology of trading and valuation of categories of goods. Bohannon’s ethnography of the Tiv culture and their e conomic history opens with a simple analysis of contemporary definitions of money and an explanation of the concept of â€Å"general purpose money†. According to Bohannon’s article, economists have frequently approached the topic of currency incorrectly when it came to economies in more foreign cultures because they lacked more â€Å"elastic† definitions of currency. Not all cultures have a singular, â€Å"general purpose† currency that fits all three of the aforementioned foundations of money because like the Tiv,Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits of a Multicultural America1460 Words   |  6 PagesPeople have migrated for thousands of years moving into different habitats and spreading their influences over one another. David Burgos a writer for adage, a website that specialize in advertising states, â€Å"I bet most of you thought about Blacks or African Americans and Hispanics. Probably some of you mentioned Asians too, and maybe a few even associated it w ith non-race- or ethnicity-based minority segments such as Muslims. Indeed, if you are like most of the U.S. population, it is very likely thatRead MoreColonialism And Imperialism In Europe1440 Words   |  6 Pagesits demographic vitality, its industrial, technical, commercial and financial superiority imposed its economic model, its values, ideals and its culture to a large part of the world. Imperialism can be defined as the system in which the politics, economy and culture of one part of the world are organized according to the domination of some countries over others. The imperialism that emerged in the nineteenth century was the culmination of colonialism initiated in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesRead MoreMulticulturalism in America: A Modern Day Interpretation1610 Words   |  6 Pagesand thinking. 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Since Africans had such a tremendous impact on the region, it is important that we recognize the nature of slavery and how it transformed their lives. Although most agree that the institution was dehumanizing, the social relationsRead MoreCorruption Is A Matter Of Great Concern For The Nation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesinterest in order to benefit from the increasing development and economic growth of Kenya. Unprincipled bureaucrats and politicians have been enlarging their take on public funds without regard for the adverse effects it has on their nation and how it impacts them on a global level. Corruption is representative of poor governance and a lack of leadership that cares about the prosperity of their own country. It endures wi thin Kenya primarily because those who are in power are unwilling to relinquish theRead MoreNeocolonialism: the Relationship Between Superpowers and the Developing World1622 Words   |  7 Pages Both of these superpowers were accused of practicing neocolonialism in imperial and hegemonic pursuits. In the aftermath of WWII (1939–45), decolonization and independence began in former colonial countries, as the British Empire declined in economy and military, as well as a loss of land control. However national leaders argued their countries were subject to a new indirect control from former colonial powers. The first president of independent Ghana Kwane Nkrumah, first used the term neocolonialismRead MoreNigeria, The Most Populous African Country, With Enormous1518 Words   |  7 PagesNigeria, the most populous African country, with enormous potential in agriculture. If well managed, has the potential to become a global powerhouse through agro-industrialization. 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Gay Marriage Is Illegal And Not Be Fully Accepted By...

Homosexuals refers to people whose sexual interest is in the same-sex rather than the opposite-sex. The term gay is generally used to indicate male homosexuals while sometimes it is used to represent for both female and female homosexuals; the term lesbian just refers to female homosexuals (â€Å"Homosexuality†, 2016). Since same-sex marriage is illegal and cannot be fully accepted by the society in China while Chinese are subjected to Chinese traditional culture and norms, including marriage culture (Li, 1998), it generates heterosexual marriage of homosexuals. A research conducted by Liu and Lu (2005) showed that in mainland China, approximately 90 percent of homosexuals would choose to get married and about 80 percent of them have already married, that is, engaged in heterosexual marriage. WHO -- Definition of heterosexual marriage of homosexuals Heterosexual marriage refers to the a legally and socially sanctioned marital relation between a female and a male (â€Å"Marriage†, 2016; Marriage, n., 2016) while one of them is homosexual. Heterosexual marriage of homosexual creates two kind of groups except for those homosexuals, which are gay’s wife and lesbian’s husband. For some homosexuals, in order to follow the wishes of their parents and the culture, they may have some reciprocal marriage with the opposite-sex homosexuals with premarital consensus. However, their marriage does not have some traditional functions of family (e.g. economic function). HOW -- Social issues andShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage and Politics in the U.S. Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesSex Marriage has become a major issue in the United States. There are variations in opinions concerning the topic. The main concern is should same sex marriage be allowed or declared unconstitutional. 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Economics Reforms in the Australian Agriculture Industry

Question: Discuss about theEconomicsfor Reforms in the Australian Agriculture Industry. Answer: Introduction Agriculture Industry of a nation plays a significant role to improve the prosperity of a nation effectively. The industry improves the economic as well as financial position of a nation. Along with this, the Australian Agriculture Industry is one of the most superior industries in the world. It is famous for its high quality and superior products. Moreover, the Australian agriculture industry is the most innovative and extremely technical industries all over the world. The industry highly contributes in the development of economy as well as GDP of Australia. It is a major source of employment for the people of Australia. Presently, just about 350,000 people are occupied in the Australian agriculture industry. The government of nation develops effective plans and strategies for the growth and expansion of the industry in the international marketplace. A lot of reforms or changes take place for the growth of the industry. In addition to this, this research essay would be beneficial to describe the major reforms that have occurred for the growth of the Australian agriculture industry in previous years. Also, the essay will recommend some reforms that may be beneficial for the future growth of the agriculture industry of the nation. Reforms in the Australian Agriculture Industry The agriculture industry of a nation is considered as a major component of the economy of the nation. The Australian agriculture industry is the most foremost step in the economy development of the nation. As per the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australia is a major producer and exporter of numerous agricultural products such as: wheat, wool and beef. It exports a huge quantity of agricultural products to other nations (Vitalis, 2007). The below chart is valuable to demonstrate the increased annual exports of Australia to other nations. (Source: Land Commodities 2014). On the other hand, the increased growth of the Australian agriculture industry is not a result of one or two years. The fact is that, the Australian governments make effective reforms within the industry on the regular basis. Along with this, there are numerous reforms that have cropped up within the Australian agriculture industry in past years. In the mid 1980s, the major reform occurred within the industry. The reform was related to the subsidies that the governments generally provide to farmers of a nation (Edwards, 2003). The government reduced around 95 percent of the subsidies. This can be seen a major reform in the agriculture sector of Australia. It is because of this reform within the industry made all the farmers independent. Now, they are not depending on the government for any assistance. In addition to this, the government of nation declared the agriculture sector as one of the most export oriented industry in the world. This is measured a revolutionary reform within the industry. Due to this reform, the Australian agriculture industry has become a major producer and exporter of agriculture products in the world. Now, the nation has a strong comparative advantage in the production of farming products. Agriculture is considered as one of the most productive as well as competitive sector in the economy of Australia (Blandford Hill, 2006). Along with this, in current, Australia exports approximately 70 percent of its farm production. The increased exports create strong opportunities for the economy development of the nation. So, it is the other major reform that has done within the agriculture industry of Australia. The below graph is helpful to show the share of global production and global exports of the Australian agriculture industry properly. (Source: Land Commodities 2014). In the same manner, the other major reform that happened in the agriculture sector is the adoption of advanced technologies within the industry. The advanced technologies offer more innovative ways of production to the farmers (Harris, 2005). With the help of the Internet, the Australian farmers become able to understand the methodologies that are valuable to improve the level of production. The use of the technologies not only increased the productivity; but also improved the profitability and standard of living of Australian farmers. Moreover, these advanced technologies provide a totally new working environment to the people. In view of that, this is seen an important reform within the Australian agriculture industry (Edwards, 2003). On the other hand, the Australian government reduced the strict trade rules and regulations for the economic and financial growth of the nation. This is a major reform within the industry. It is because of due to heavy trade regulations; farmers were unable to export their products to other nations. So, they do not get suitable prices for their production. But, this reform reduced the complexities of the Australian farmers. Now, they export around 70% of their total production to other nations. Moreover, in current, the agriculture sector of Australia has become superstore to other countries especially for to Asian countries (Gray, Oss-Emer and Sheng, 2014). Hence, there can be seen numerous important reforms in the Australian agriculture industry. Along with this, according to me, there are some important reforms that are sill required in the Australian agriculture industry. The government of nation should reduce the taxes that they charge from the farmers. This reform will increase the productivity, profitability, and standard of living of the Australian farmers. Moreover, this reform will reduce the dependency of the famers on the financial bodies for financial assistance. So, this is the reform that is required within the agriculture industry of Australia. Conclusion On the base of the above investigation, it can be said that, the agriculture industry of Australia is one of the emergent industries in the world. It boosts the economy of the country. Along with this, it is observed that, the future of the Australian agriculture industry is bright. There can be seen a regular increase in the agriculture products of the nation. Moreover, the agriculture sector contributes in the improvement of GDP and employment level of the nation. On the whole, the Australian agriculture industry is a major producer of the agriculture products that are required for the endurance of people. References Blandford, D., Hill, B. (2006). Policy Reform and Adjustment in the Agricultural Sectors of Developed Countries. USA: CABI. Edwards, G. (2003). The story of deregulation in the dairy industry. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(1), 75-98. Gray, E., Oss-Emer, M. and Sheng, Y. (2014). Australian agricultural productivity growth. Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, 1-52. Harris, D. (2005). Industry Adjustment to Policy Reform A case study of the Australian dairy industry . Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 1-87. Land Commodities. (2014). Emerging market demand for Australian agricultural commodities. Retrieved From: https://www.landcommodities.com/emerging-market-demand-for-australian-agricultural-commodities/ Vitalis, V. (2007). Agricultural subsidy reform and its implications for sustainable development: the New Zealand experience. Environmental Sciences, 4(1), 21-40.

Swami and Friends free essay sample

Swami and friends a first novel written by R. K. Narayan testifies ingeniousness of writer. R. K. Narayan created well known fictional town Malgudi. which provided setting of almost all Narayans later Novels. Malgudi is on bank of river Sarayu. Sarayu is a pride of Malgudi. It flows across north like a silver belt. Its sandbanks were the evening resort to people of Malgudi. Swami and friends is a story of boy called Swaminathan. Who hates Monday loves Saturday. Throws away books and play cricket.He both feared and loathed school and loved to be at play ground. Once embolden by patriotic spirit, he broken down window pane of his own school and it cost him to leave school and join other school. The new school gave him good thrashing. New school killed him almost all. He was totally exasperated and exhausted by amount work given at school. Swamis world consist of only friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Swami and Friends or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His world both complete and incomplete, with and without friends. The tale of tail depicts whole story of friendship.Swami had around six friends in which four were basically for scholastic purpose. Remaining two i. e Mani and Rajam were his real friends to chill out. Swami as a character is very interesting to read and explore his idiosyncrasies with the help of witty language is both engaging and entertaining. Once swamis father dictates arithmetic problem. Rama has ten mangoes with which he wants to earn fifteen annas. Krishna wants only four mangoes. How much will Krishna have to pay? Now read description of swamis state of mind waminathan gazed and gazed at this sum, and every time he read it, it seemed to acquire a new meaning. He had the feeling of having stepped into a fearful maze. .. His mouth began to water at the thought of mangoes. He wondered what made Rama fix fifteen annas for ten mangoes. What kind of a man was Rama? Probably he was like Sankar. Somehow one could not help feeling that he must have been like Sankar, with his ten mangoes and his iron determination to get fifteen annas. If Rama was like Sankar, Krishna must have been like pea. Here Swaminathan felt an unaccountable sympathy for krishna. â€Å"Have you done the sum? † Father asked, looking over the newspaper he was reading. â€Å"Father, will you tell me if the mangoes were ripe? † Swaminathan liked cricket more than anything once patriotic spirit cost him school but later cricket spirit cost another school too. He left school behind for cricket nonetheless he could not play cricket. Story ends in unexpected way but novel is praiseworthy. Novel is a good read, as language is both simple and witty and setting is Indian village.